September 29

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago this week?

Freeman’s Journal (September 28, 1776).

“Cash for RAGS … will be given by the Publisher of this Paper.”

Printers frequently offered “Cash for RAGS” in advertisements they placed in their own newspapers during the era of the American Revolution.  They collected linen and other kinds of rags to recycle into paper that they could then use to print a variety of items, including more newspapers.

Benjamin Dearborn, the printer of the Freeman’s Journal in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, ran such an advertisement on September 28, 1776.  He offered two pence per pound for “white Cotton, Linnen, or Cotton & Linnen” rags, “One Penny, for white Canvas” rags, and “One Copper for mix’d colours.”  Some printers simply issued a call for rags, but Dearborn elaborated on his offer in a postscript that explained to readers why they should collect rags and turn them over to him.  “It is requested of those who take any Satisfaction in exhibiting Saving Examples, encouraging Manufacotries, serving the Interest of their Country, or being served themselves with the News-Paper,” the printer proclaimed, “that they would comply with the trifling, tho’ necessary article of saving their RAGS.”  Throughout the imperial crisis, many colonizers advocated boycotting British goods and replacing them with “domestic manufactures” or goods produced in the colonies.  Dearborn echoed those sentiments when he addressed readers who believed in “encouraging Manufactories.”  For many years, doing so had been a means of defending the rights they believed they possessed within the British Empire, but “serving the Interest of their Country” had a new meaning since the Continental Congress declared independence the previous summer.  Even if such arguments did not resonate with some readers, Dearborn hoped that they were interested enough in reading the news that they would collect their rags solely to continue “being served themselves with the News-Paper.”

The printer tried to increase the chances that readers would take note of his advertisement.  He made it the first item in the first column on the first page … and he enclosed it within a border comprised of printing ornaments.  No other item – whether news, editorial, advertisement, or the weekly entry in the “POET’s CORNER” on the final page – featured decorative type.  Not even advertisements for books and pamphlets that Dearborn sold at his printing office had a similar format.  The format underscored just how much he needed readers to comply with his request for rags of all sorts.

September 28

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Freeman’s Journal (September 28, 1776).

“A TAVERN … at the sign of General Washington.”

In the fall of 1776, William Brewster opened a new tavern “a few rods back of the state-house in Portsmouth,” New Hampshire.  When he marketed this new enterprise in an advertisement in the September 28 edition of the Freeman’s Journal, he reminded prospective customers that he “has for many years kept a house of Entertainment for the members of the Hon. General Court, and other Gentlemen of distinction.”  Patrons of his new establishment could expect to be “accommodated with genteel Lodgings, a good table, [and] the best Liquors the times afford” as well as “good stabling for horses.”  Brewster would devote “constant attendance” to the endeavor.  He hoped that his efforts in offering hospitality would “merit the approbation of all good customers.”

Although Brewster relied on his prior experience when he opened this tavern, he did incorporate something new.  He informed the public that “the sign of General Washington,” the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, marked the tavern’s location.  It was an act of veneration for one of the heroes of the American Revolution, like William Adock selling handkerchiefs with likenesses of Washington and John Hancock, the president of the Continental Congress, in Philadelphia.  It was also part of a trend of reshaping the landscape with new images that embraced an American identity.  In Boston, John Newell offered “ENTERTAINMENT for Gentlemen and keeping for Horses, at the sign of the YANKEE HERO,” placing an advertisement in the New-England Chronicle not long after the siege of the city ended when British forces evacuated to Halifax.  At about the same time, Daniel Jones ran advertisements for the “AMERICAN COFFEE HOUSE, at the sign of the Golden Eagle,” in Boston.  Prior to the outbreak of the war, many cities and towns had a London Coffee House where residents gathered to socialize, discuss politics, and conduct business.  An “AMERICAN COFFEE HOUSE” in Boston signified pride in the new nation as former colonizers abandoned the British identity they had formerly embraced in favor creating an American identity.  Brewster’s decision to name his new tavern after General Washington was part of that process.

Slavery Advertisements Published September 28, 1776

Carl Robert Keyes Slavery Adverts 250 Project

The Slavery Adverts 250 Project chronicles the role of newspaper advertising in perpetuating slavery in the era of the American Revolution. The project seeks to reveal the ubiquity of slavery in eighteenth-century life from New England to Georgia by republishing advertisements about enslaved people – for sale as individuals or in groups, wanted to purchase or for hire for short periods, runaways who liberated themselves, and those who were subsequently captured and confined in jails and workhouses – in daily digests on this site as well as in real time via the @SlaveAdverts250 Twitter feed, utilizing twenty-first-century media to stand in for the print media of the eighteenth century.

The project aims to provide modern audiences with a sense of just how often colonizers encountered these advertisements in their daily lives. Enslaved men, women, and children appeared in print somewhere in the colonies almost every single day. Those advertisements served as a constant backdrop for social, cultural, economic, and political life in colonial and revolutionary America. Colonizers who did not purport to own enslaved people were still confronted with slavery as well as invited to maintain the system by purchasing enslaved men, women, and children or assisting in the capture of so-called “runaways” who sought to free themselves from bondage. The frequency of these newspaper advertisements suggests just how embedded slavery was in colonial and revolutionary American culture in everyday interactions beyond the printed page.

These advertisements also testify to the experiences of enslaved men, women, and children, though readers must consider that those experiences have been remediated through descriptions offered by enslavers rather than enslaved people themselves. Often unnamed in the advertisements, enslaved men, women, and children were not invisible or unimportant in early America.

These advertisements appeared in revolutionary American newspapers 250 years ago today.

Freeman’s Journal (September 28, 1776).

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New-York Gazette and Weekly Journal [Newark] (September 28, 1776).

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New-York Gazette and Weekly Journal [Newark] (September 28, 1776).

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Pennsylvania Evening Post (September 28, 1776).

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Pennsylvania Ledger (September 28, 1776).

September 27

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Essex Journal (September 27, 1776).

“Just Published … An easy PLAN of DISCIPLINE for a MILITIA … The Second Edition.”

John Mycall, the printer of the Essex Journal and New-Hampshire Packet, hawked copies of the second edition of Timothy Pickering’s “easy PLAN of DISCIPLINE for a MILITIA” in the fall of 1776.  As was common in many early American newspapers, the first page of the Essex Journal carried both news and advertisements.  In the September 27 edition, an update from London filled the first two columns and overflowed into the third on the first page. Advertisements completed that final column … and Mycall placed his advertisement for Pickering’s popular military manual first among those advertisements, increasing the chances that readers would take note of it.  His advertisement also reminded prospective customers that Pickering’s Easy Plan of Discipline had been “Ordered by Authority to be practised by all the Militia in the State of Massachusetts Bay,” simultaneously an endorsement and an edict to be followed.

Mycall announced that the second edition was “Just Published, And to be SOLD at the Printing Office.”  That did not mean, however, that he printed a Newburyport edition.  Eighteenth-century readers knew to separate the phrases “Just published” and “to be SOLD.”  The former merely meant that a book or pamphlet was available for sale (as opposed to being in the press) but did not necessarily refer to the advertiser.  Printers and booksellers frequently sold items “Just Published” by others.  In this instance, Mycall sold copies of a second edition of Pickering’s Easy Plan of Discipline published by Samuel Hall in Boston.  In June, Hall informed readers of the Continental Journal that the “second Edition … is now in the Press.”  On September 19, he ran a new advertisement in the Continental Journal, this time announcing that the military manual was now available at his printing office in School Street.  Hall apparently sent copies to Mycall to stock at his printing office in Newburyport.  The advertisement in the Essex Journal appeared just a week later.  The second edition that Mycall sold in Newburyport was hot off Hall’s presses in Boston.

Slavery Advertisements Published September 27, 1776

Carl Robert Keyes Slavery Adverts 250 Project

The Slavery Adverts 250 Project chronicles the role of newspaper advertising in perpetuating slavery in the era of the American Revolution. The project seeks to reveal the ubiquity of slavery in eighteenth-century life from New England to Georgia by republishing advertisements about enslaved people – for sale as individuals or in groups, wanted to purchase or for hire for short periods, runaways who liberated themselves, and those who were subsequently captured and confined in jails and workhouses – in daily digests on this site as well as in real time via the @SlaveAdverts250 Twitter feed, utilizing twenty-first-century media to stand in for the print media of the eighteenth century.

The project aims to provide modern audiences with a sense of just how often colonizers encountered these advertisements in their daily lives. Enslaved men, women, and children appeared in print somewhere in the colonies almost every single day. Those advertisements served as a constant backdrop for social, cultural, economic, and political life in colonial and revolutionary America. Colonizers who did not purport to own enslaved people were still confronted with slavery as well as invited to maintain the system by purchasing enslaved men, women, and children or assisting in the capture of so-called “runaways” who sought to free themselves from bondage. The frequency of these newspaper advertisements suggests just how embedded slavery was in colonial and revolutionary American culture in everyday interactions beyond the printed page.

These advertisements also testify to the experiences of enslaved men, women, and children, though readers must consider that those experiences have been remediated through descriptions offered by enslavers rather than enslaved people themselves. Often unnamed in the advertisements, enslaved men, women, and children were not invisible or unimportant in early America.

These advertisements appeared in revolutionary American newspapers 250 years ago today.

Connecticut Gazette (September 27, 1776).

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Virginia Gazette [Dixon and Hunter] (September 27, 1776).

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Virginia Gazette [Dixon and Hunter] (September 27, 1776).

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Virginia Gazette [Dixon and Hunter] (September 27, 1776).

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Virginia Gazette [Dixon and Hunter] (September 27, 1776).

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Virginia Gazette [Purdie] (September 27, 1776).

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Virginia Gazette [Purdie] (September 27, 1776).

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Virginia Gazette [Purdie] (September 27, 1776).

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Virginia Gazette [Purdie] (September 27, 1776).

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Virginia Gazette [Purdie] (September 27, 1776).

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Virginia Gazette [Purdie] (September 27, 1776).

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Virginia Gazette [Purdie] (September 27, 1776).

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Virginia Gazette [Purdie] (September 27, 1776).

September 26

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Continental Journal (September 26, 1776).

“Keeping up a Correspondence with our inveterate enemies … is in direct violation of the laws of this State.”

The Committee of Correspondence, Inspection, and Safety had a message for new arrivals in Boston.  They used an advertisement in the Continental Journal to let them know that they needed to identify themselves to the committee and surrender any letters they carried with them.

“WHEREAS the keeping up a Correspondence with our inveterate enemies,” Ellis Gray explained on behalf of the committee, “is in direct violation of laws of this State, … ALL persons theretofore who may arrive in this town from Halifax, or any port or place in possession of, or infested by our said enemies, are hereby directed to leave their names with all the letters they bring with them … with some member of this committee.”  That included contact with “the fleet and army now employed against the UNITED STATES,” referring to British forces, and “those open and avowed opposers of our rights, who have forfeited all title to our confidence and protection, by seeking refu[g]e under the power which has long been engaged in the destruction of this country,” referring to Loyalists, especially those who joined the British when they evacuated from Boston to Halifax.  In addition to turning over the letters they carried with them, new arrivals had to leave “a memorandum of their place of abode” so the committee knew where to find them.  They were to do so “as soon as may be after their arrival here.”  Gray warned that “non-compliance with this requisition will be deemed evidence of an unfriendly design … against the interest of the UNITED STATES” and those in violation “will be proceeded against accordingly.”

This important message appeared as an advertisement, first in the September 5, 1776, edition of the Continental Journal and again in the September 26 edition.  The printer interspersed it among paid notices placed for a variety of purposes rather than featuring it as a news item.  Like many other advertisements that ran in American newspapers during the era of the American Revolution, this notice from Boston’s Committee of Correspondence, Inspection, and Safety delivered news that did not appear elsewhere in the newspaper.  Readers perused advertisements as well as articles and editorials to learn about current events, including, on occasion, new regulations enacted in their communities.

Slavery Advertisements Published September 26, 1776

Carl Robert Keyes Slavery Adverts 250 Project

The Slavery Adverts 250 Project chronicles the role of newspaper advertising in perpetuating slavery in the era of the American Revolution. The project seeks to reveal the ubiquity of slavery in eighteenth-century life from New England to Georgia by republishing advertisements about enslaved people – for sale as individuals or in groups, wanted to purchase or for hire for short periods, runaways who liberated themselves, and those who were subsequently captured and confined in jails and workhouses – in daily digests on this site as well as in real time via the @SlaveAdverts250 Twitter feed, utilizing twenty-first-century media to stand in for the print media of the eighteenth century.

The project aims to provide modern audiences with a sense of just how often colonizers encountered these advertisements in their daily lives. Enslaved men, women, and children appeared in print somewhere in the colonies almost every single day. Those advertisements served as a constant backdrop for social, cultural, economic, and political life in colonial and revolutionary America. Colonizers who did not purport to own enslaved people were still confronted with slavery as well as invited to maintain the system by purchasing enslaved men, women, and children or assisting in the capture of so-called “runaways” who sought to free themselves from bondage. The frequency of these newspaper advertisements suggests just how embedded slavery was in colonial and revolutionary American culture in everyday interactions beyond the printed page.

These advertisements also testify to the experiences of enslaved men, women, and children, though readers must consider that those experiences have been remediated through descriptions offered by enslavers rather than enslaved people themselves. Often unnamed in the advertisements, enslaved men, women, and children were not invisible or unimportant in early America.

These advertisements appeared in revolutionary American newspapers 250 years ago today.

Maryland Gazette (September 26, 1776).

September 25

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Pennsylvania Gazette (September 25, 1776).

“THOMAS LEIPER, TOBACCONIST.”

In early June 1776, tobacconists Hamilton and Leiper announced that they dissolved their partnership.  Each man set off on a new venture.  Hamilton and Son operated a “Scotch snuff and tobacco Manufactory” on Second Street in Philadelphia, while Thomas Leiper remained “in the house occupied by the [former] company” at the corner of Spruce and Walnut.  Leiper emphasized in his advertisements that he “manufactures in the best manner Snuff and Tobacco of the first quality, equal, if not superior, to any heretofore imported from Europe.”

Leiper advertised aggressively.  He inserted advertisements with identical copy in Dunlap’s Pennsylvania Packet, the Pennsylvania Gazette, the Pennsylvania Journal, and the Pennsylvania Ledger.  He aimed to maintain as much of the clientele that he and his former partner had cultivated as he could as well as attract new customers.  To that end, he arranged for his advertisements to run in some of those newspapers for months, making a significant investment in doing so.  Most printers offered a standard package that included setting type and inserting an advertisement in three or four issues before discontinuing it.  Advertisers could pay for each additional insertion if they wished to extend the run of their notices.  Leiper apparently did so.  His advertisement ran in both the Pennsylvania Gazette and the Pennsylvania Journalon September 25, 1776.  The one in the Pennsylvania Gazette even included a notation – “3 m” – on the final line, likely intended to remind the printer that it was supposed to run for three months.

Leiper competed with his former partner and other tobacconists in Philadelphia.  He likely believed that an advertising campaign that extended for several months would yield the kind of name recognition that would convince prospective customers to give his snuff and other products a chance.  The repetition of his advertisements, appearing week after week in some of Philadelphia’s most popular newspapers, probably made his business familiar to many readers as they perused the advertisements for all sorts of information about commerce and current events.

Slavery Advertisements Published September 25, 1776

Carl Robert Keyes Slavery Adverts 250 Project

The Slavery Adverts 250 Project chronicles the role of newspaper advertising in perpetuating slavery in the era of the American Revolution. The project seeks to reveal the ubiquity of slavery in eighteenth-century life from New England to Georgia by republishing advertisements about enslaved people – for sale as individuals or in groups, wanted to purchase or for hire for short periods, runaways who liberated themselves, and those who were subsequently captured and confined in jails and workhouses – in daily digests on this site as well as in real time via the @SlaveAdverts250 Twitter feed, utilizing twenty-first-century media to stand in for the print media of the eighteenth century.

The project aims to provide modern audiences with a sense of just how often colonizers encountered these advertisements in their daily lives. Enslaved men, women, and children appeared in print somewhere in the colonies almost every single day. Those advertisements served as a constant backdrop for social, cultural, economic, and political life in colonial and revolutionary America. Colonizers who did not purport to own enslaved people were still confronted with slavery as well as invited to maintain the system by purchasing enslaved men, women, and children or assisting in the capture of so-called “runaways” who sought to free themselves from bondage. The frequency of these newspaper advertisements suggests just how embedded slavery was in colonial and revolutionary American culture in everyday interactions beyond the printed page.

These advertisements also testify to the experiences of enslaved men, women, and children, though readers must consider that those experiences have been remediated through descriptions offered by enslavers rather than enslaved people themselves. Often unnamed in the advertisements, enslaved men, women, and children were not invisible or unimportant in early America.

These advertisements appeared in revolutionary American newspapers 250 years ago today.

Connecticut Journal (September 25, 1776).

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Connecticut Journal (September 25, 1776).

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Connecticut Journal (September 25, 1776).

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Connecticut Journal (September 25, 1776).

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Pennsylvania Gazette (September 25, 1776).

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Pennsylvania Gazette (September 25, 1776).

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Massachusetts Spy (September 25, 1776).

September 24

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Pennsylvania Evening Post (September 24, 1776).

“Hancock and other printed handkerchiefs.”

When William Adcock first announced a “VENDUE” or auction of “a great variety of goods suitable to the season” to be held on September 18, 1776, he included “Hancock and Washington handkerchiefs, and a great variety of other printed handkerchiefs” among the items “exposed for sale.”  A week later he inserted another advertisement in the Pennsylvania Evening Post, informing the public that he would host another sale “at his vendue store.”  This time he promoted “a variety of GOODS, among which are … coarse white linens, checks, stripes, superfine mens and womens cotton stockings, silk and worsted knee garters, flax, gimps, fringes, [and] Hancock and other printed handkerchiefs.”  He did not include “Washington handkerchiefs” among his wares.

Did that mean that he had sold all the handkerchiefs bearing a depiction of the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army at his previous sale?  Possibly.  Even if that was the case, it did not necessarily indicate that commemorative items depicting the general were more popular than those with a likeness of the president of the Continental Congress.  The advertisements did not mention the quantity of each handkerchief available.  Adcock may have had a limited supply of “Washington handkerchiefs” compared to “Hancock handkerchiefs.”  The second advertisement did, however, clarify an element of the design of those handkerchiefs.  It was not clear from the first advertisement whether “Hancock and Washington handkerchiefs” featured both men on a single handkerchief.  Other handkerchiefs produced during the era, after all, had images of multiple prominent politicians and military officers.  “Hancock and Washington handkerchiefs” could have had profiles of the two men facing each other, but the second advertisement suggests that each prominent leader had his own commemorative handkerchief.  They may have been made in the same workshop by a savvy entrepreneur who hoped that patriotic consumers would treat them as collectibles by purchasing both rather than just one.  Given that vendues often sold goods in quantities, retailers likely purchased some of the “Hancock and Washington handkerchiefs” to stock in their own shop and sell to consumers who visited with other purchases in mind.